Museums and libraries of Turkey

Economy after republic declaration. Declaring the purpose creation of the modern secular state of the western type, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk has emphasised progressive reforms in economy. The Turkish state has got the railways built by the European companies still in Ottoman empire, has laid new and has connected them in a uniform national network. It has joined in building of industrial targets and has organised the bank system, called to make Turkey independent of foreign financial institutions.

In the first decade after declaration of republic Ataturk in the decision of a problem of economic development relied on the private initiative, however in the country there was no class of businessmen, and in trading operations in territory of Ottoman empire throughout centuries national minorities and foreigners dominated. Besides many Greeks, Armenians and Jews have emigrated from the country. Great depression 1929–1939 has reduced Turkish export that was negatively reflected in national economy.

In the early thirties the authorities have actively started stimulation of economic development. For acceleration of industrialisation the state built factories, mines and power stations. This policy known as , provided creation of special state economic structures most important of which were “Sumerbank” and “Etibank” supervising the state enterprises in processing and a mining industry (and also in power).

The course on active intervention of the state in an economic life proceeded up to the beginning of 1990th years when the government has passed to a policy of privatisation.

Economic development of the country has been slowed down by the Second World War. After 1948 Turkey has received from the USA, the West European countries and the International bank of reconstruction and development in the form of the help and loans some billions dollars. From the middle of 1950th years of Turkey considerable loans by the European countries, in particular Germany and Great Britain have been given. With foreign assistance, first of all from outside the USA, the network of the highways which have connected to national transport system inaccessible areas was possible to improve.

Essential capital investments also have been made in power, a coal mining and in the new enterprises of branches of a manufacturing industry – textile, sugar and cement. Within 1950th years economic growth averaged 6,3 % year, however fast lifting was in the early fifties replaced by the period of inflation, economic ailments and relative stagnation in the late fifties.

After the military coup d’etat 1960 which have partially become by reaction to not clear results of chaotic and inconsistent economic policy, Turkey has entered the period of planned development. In 1st five years’ plan (1963–1967) mid-annual growth was accelerated and made 6,7 % that was nevertheless below a planned target. The volume of capital investments also has not reached 20 % from gross national product.

In 2nd five years’ plan (1968–1972) investment process proceeded more slowly, than it was planned, nevertheless it was possible to reach an object in view: to provide annual increase in gross national product at 7 %. (1973–1977) this indicator was provided by the third five years’ plan approximately at level of gross national product of 8 %, but has really made apprx. 6,5 %.

In second half 1970th years inflow of capital investments in economy and its development were slowed down, unemployment became widespread. The crisis reason partly was world recession of the middle of 1970th years which has led to sharp decrease in receipt in the country of money resources from Turkish migrants in the Western Europe, and partly import rise in price, for example oil and finished articles.

Turkey has appeared in a vice of an enormous external debt which could not pay without reception of new loans from the International currency fund (IMF) and the USA.

Turkey at dobsonconsortium.com

With 1980 on 1987 annual value of growth of gross national product fluctuated between 3,3 % and 8,1 %, but in 1988 about 2,5 %, and in 1989 – to 1,1 % then the government has entered the restrictions directed on delay of inflation were reduced. After decrease in an indicator to 0,9 % in 1990 that has been connected with war in Persian gulf (1990–1991), gross national product of Turkey has started to increase gradually: in 1995 on 8,1 %, in 1996 – on 7,1 and in 1997 – on 8 %.

The authorities of Turkey intend to forbid smoking in public places. The law accepted by parliament of the country, provides a smoking interdiction in places of entertainments, including in cafe and restaurants, at stadiums, and also in all types of transport, in particular in a taxi and trains. In Turkey will not show any more tobacco advertising in films, serials and musical clips.

For law infringement the penalty to $4300 is provided, informs RIA Novosti news agency. So, only for the stub thrown in the street or a pack from under cigarettes the infringer should lay out $18. The bill will come into force in the near future, after signing by its president of Turkey.

The basic holidays marked in Turkey
On January, 1st – New year.
On April, 23rd – Day of National Nezavisimosti.19 of May – Day молодежи.30 August – a Victory Day.
On October, 29th – Day of Republic, the main state holiday (parades, speeches).
On November, 10th – Day of death of Ataturk (1938) this day, in 9:05 mornings all country fades in silence, passers-by for a minute stop (and to you too it is necessary to make it), sirens hoot also cars signal. In предверии this day, a tele- and radio programs are sated by the facts and memoirs on Ataturk’s life.

And such rare possibility to make favourable purchases you will not find such wide choice of the goods anywhere, except Turkey is a real paradise for buyers. The well-known Turkish markets as if a magnet, draw buyers from every corner of the globe. We advise to you to get a Turkish carpet from a wool or silk. Turkish linen cloths, scarfs and other products with a manual embroidery will be a fine gift. The prices for clothes also very moderated. Soft as a velvet the Turkish skin, clothes and accessories all over the world is famous. Freakish products from onyx, ornaments from silver and gold will be an excellent inexpensive gift, they are accessible under the price, and their design satisfies to the most exacting tastes. Not last place in the list of purchases excellent Turkish wines, and the bottle of vodka taken away from Turkey occupy “cancers” will warm you in far Russia.

Turkey – the present of Eldorado for fans of shopping. The markets and markets will amaze you with east paints, the picturesque dealers offering everything that it is necessary for your soul. Besides Turkey – the cheapest country of the Mediterranean. Undoubtedly, most well-known city of purchases is Istanbul – the best goods from all corners of the country there are collected. The big Market or the Covered market (Kapali Carsi Kapaly Charmy) – the most well-known and big of Turkish markets, in its territory is located about 4000 shops. In Istanbul it is necessary to visit and the Big Istanbul market (Kapaly Charshi) in which centre there is Old Badestan where trade in the ancient weapon and east antiquities, and the Egyptian market (a market of spices).
But also in resort cities, there is a large quantity of shops to which you can spend many pleasant hours, choosing something from variety of the goods. In new port of Antalya «the Zone of free trade» is located. Here possibility to do shopping without duties and taxes is given to you. This free market where all monetary units and checks are accepted, is opened only for foreigners, therefore do not forget the passport in hotel.

The first rule of purchases in Turkey – it is necessary to bargain! Concern it, as to some kind of, to art. Nobody will take offence, if the price appointed you is though in 20 times below that which declares the dealer. The main thing tell with a smile, after all you have a rest, besides – who knows, probably, your figure will be much closer to true, than heard from the professional seller. You will treat in coffee shop, tea or beer, it is frequent even understanding that the transaction will not take place, – Turks are very sociable, and it is always interesting to them to talk to the new person and to learn Russian – after all it can be useful to them in the further business.

Art experience of the people of Iran, Georgia, Armenia, the Arabian countries and Byzantium, and also became a basis for art of Turkey. In the end of 12-13 centuries cities were under construction of a stone (Konja, etc.), surrounded with powerful fortifications, with a citadel in the centre and the quarters often isolated from each other.

For cult architecture are characteristic clear harmony стереометрически accurate forms, distribution of compositions with and an open court yard or with the central hall blocked by a dome, wide application of 3-coal sails in overlappings.

From civil constructions (including elements of defensive architecture) especially well-known caravans-sheds and baths. In decorative furnish the leading part reliefs with geometrical , stylised vegetative (sometimes figured) motives and inscriptions played, the facing tiles of dark blue and green tones quite often making the whole ornamental mosaics.

Working over a decor, masters usually left a part of a wall smooth that gave special plasticity.

During this period there was also a woodcarving (strict geometrical ornaments) and a book miniature, art , weaving, art processing of metal.

If the architecture of Turkey in 14 first half has been connected 15 centuries mainly with building skills time 15-16 centuries are peculiar to architecture of the end first of all creative reconsideration of the Byzantian traditions.

Intensively cities where building prevailed grew. Developing type of a dome cult building, Turkish masters of the end 15-16 centuries (first of all Sinan) created grandiose complete, is strict spatial compositions: at the same time the architectural form was picturesquely enriched by set of the arches, niches and windows, and internal premises were sated with ornamental lists and the inlaid marble panels.

In Turkey a little some the interesting railway museums telling as about stories of railways (including Hidzhazsky, connected Istanbul and Medina in Saudi Arabia), and set of unique steam locomotives, cars and the various technics of that epoch.

The railway history of Turkey is a little known to the mass tourist though the railway communication in Turkey originates in 1871, at the time of Ottomansky Empire. The first railroad line has connected Istanbul with a place of Halkali that in 20 km to the west then building was developed by active rates in a direction of Paris. In 1873 on a place of present station Sirkechi (directly under walls of a palace of Topkapy) the temporary station has been constructed. Station in that kind in which we see it today, have constructed only in 1888. The first train which has received the name “East express train”, has gone from Paris to Istanbul on October, 4th, 1883.

Its route lay from Paris to Strasbourg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Ulm, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest, Ruse, Varna, Edirne and further arrived on station Sirkechi in Istanbul. For 80 hours of a way the train overcame distance in 3 094 km. “East express train”, kings, princes and presidents were whose passengers, has stopped the existence in 1977 because of difficulties in crossing of borders of the countries of the Warsaw contract. “East express train” has been partially revived only in 1982, but to this day, despite opening of borders, has not returned itself former value. Trains from the Istanbul station Sirkechi follow only to Belgrad, Sofia and Bucharest.

Museums are located:
National railway museum in Chamlyke (Izmir) having the collection largest in Europe of locomotives. The address: Caml’k Buharl Lokomotif Muzesi, Izmir.
Museum at station Sirkechi, Istanbul.
Museum “Rahmi Kosh” in Istanbul. The address: Rahmi Koc Muzesi Haskoy cadessi, Haskoy, Istanbul
The museum in Ankara is located directly in territory of Ankara.

In Turkey the great number of museums operates. The former main residence of sultans a palace of Topkapy contains expositions in which treasures of the Osmansky dynasty are shown in Istanbul. With 1933 museum there was also a Byzantian temple St. Sofia transformed into a mosque in 1453, after a gain of the country by osmanli Turks. In the Hettsky museum in Ankara the set of well remained wooden and stone sculptures is collected. Archaeological museums in Istanbul and Ankara have the big collections of products эллинистического and the Roman periods. Istanbul is proud of the museum of Turkish and Muslim art. Folk art museums are created practically in each city. In all big cities there are public libraries. Best of them – National library in Ankara in which funds it is collected more than 600 thousand books.